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Grandes écoles
The ''grandes écoles'' ((:ɡʁɑ̃.z‿ekɔl), literally in French "Grand Schools", meaning "Elite Schools") of France are higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system. Most were established by branches of the state; the first of all, École Polytechnique, during the French Revolution. The ''grandes écoles'' select students for admission based chiefly on national ranking in competitive written and oral exams, while French public universities have a legal obligation to accept all candidates of the region who hold a corresponding ''baccalauréat''.
Usually candidates for the national exams have completed two years of dedicated preparatory classes, although this is not always the case: some Grandes Écoles also have an admission process open to university students (bachelor or master), others have an integrated preparation. The ''grandes écoles'' do not have large student bodies: most have a few hundred students each year, 6,000 at the largest establishment, Arts et Métiers ParisTech. Officially considered as public service, they usually require low fees, or even none, and allow grants to poor students like universities do.
They have historically produced many if not most of France's high-ranking civil servants, politicians and executives, as well as many big businessmen, scientists, writers and philosophers. Most of the ''grandes écoles'' teach either technoscience or business. Many concentrate on a single subject area, such as electric engineering or public works. Globally, they play a similar role as prestige or elite higher education institutions in the English speaking world, despite different official status and functioning.
== Classification as ''grandes écoles'' ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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